The memory data register (MDR) is the register of a computer's control unit that contains the data to be stored in the computer storage (e.g. RAM), or the data after a fetch from the computer storage. It acts like a buffer and holds anything that is copied from the memory ready for the processor to use it.
The memory data register is half of a minimal interface between a microprogram and computer storage, the other half is a memory address register.
Far more complex memory interfaces exist, but this is the simplest that can work.
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